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Friday, January 24, 2014

SMF (Service Management Facility) In Solaris

Managing Services is different in Solaris when compared with linux systems. The SMF - Service management facility a new system included in the Solaris which performs the task of managing services in solaris.

Linux usually stores start and stop files in /etc/rc*.d location which will do the start and stop of the services. These same location are available as files in Solaris or may be an empty locations.

In order to learn how the SMF works we need to learn some basic commands on how to handle these,

svcs
svcadm

enabling or disabling of the services in solaris is done using the svcadm command and we can use svcs command to see the status of the services

svcs –a : list all the services by their state

oracle@solaris_11X:/etc$ svcs -a | head
STATE             STIME    FMRI
legacy_run      0:16:01 lrc:/etc/rc2_d/S20sysetup
legacy_run      0:16:02 lrc:/etc/rc2_d/S47pppd
legacy_run      0:16:02 lrc:/etc/rc2_d/S72autoinstall
legacy_run      0:16:02 lrc:/etc/rc2_d/S73cachefs_daemon
legacy_run      0:16:02 lrc:/etc/rc2_d/S89PRESERVE
disabled          0:15:54 svc:/network/rpc/meta:default
disabled          0:16:00 svc:/network/rpc/rstat:default
disabled          0:16:06 svc:/application/x11/xvnc-inetd:default
disabled          0:16:07 svc:/network/nfs/rquota:default

in order to enable/disable services in Solaris we can use

svcadm enable network/http:apache2
svcadm disable network/http:apache2

If you enable or disable a service and reboot your machine the service will be restored to the state last specified.

If you see the output of the svcs –a command ,we can see FMRI which is called fault management resource identifier which identifies the service. Some of the services have an instance name on the end (the :default of svc:/network/rpc:default).There can be multiple instances of a single service executing on the system at one time.

The _nal thing to note is the STATE column. This column is telling us the current state of each service. The legacy run state is for services that are still executing from the old /etc/rc*.d scripts. Other states include disabled and online which gives us the necessary data.

There is one more state called offline lists all of the services that were unable to start, or had a service fault, and have been taken offline by SMF.

Svcs –xv will give information about the services that are offline and also a reason for that. The svcs -x output also gives pointers on where you can go for information on the current issue. These can be pointers to websites, log messages or man pages. These are typically very handy resources in diagnosing and correcting the issue at hand.

# svcs -x
svc:/network/physical:default (physical network interfaces)
State: disabled since Thu Sep 28 15:33:17 2006
Reason: Disabled by an administrator.
See: http://sun.com/msg/SMF-8000-05
See: ifconfig(1M)

# svcs -xv
svc:/network/physical:default (physical network interfaces)
State: disabled since Thu Sep 28 15:33:17 2006
Reason: Disabled by an administrator.
See: http://sun.com/msg/SMF-8000-05
See: man -M /usr/share/man -s 1M ifconfig
Impact: 5 dependent services are not running:
svc:/milestone/network:default
svc:/network/nfs/nlockmgr:default
svc:/network/nfs/client:default
svc:/network/nfs/status:default
svc:/network/ssh:default

Some more command include,

  • svcs -a: Lists all services currently installed, including their state.
  • svcs -d FMRI: Lists dependencies for FMRI.
  • svcs -D FMRI: Lists dependents for FMRI.
  • svcs -l FMRI: Provides a long listing of information about FMRI; includes dependency information
  • svcs -p FMRI: Shows relationships between services and processes.
  • svcs -t: This change is temporary (does not persist past a boot).
  • svcs -x: Explains why a service is not available.
  • svcs -xv: Verbose debugging information.

  • svcadm clear FMRI: Clear faults for FMRI.
  • svcadm disable FMRI: Disable FMRI.
  • svcadm enable FMRI: Enable FMRI.
  • svcadm refresh FMRI: Force FMRI to read config file.
  • svcadm restart FMRI: Restart FMRI. 
There are some more commands that we need to learn when dealing with Services in Solaris. They are

svccfg  - command which use to configures services
inetadm – command which will be used to administer inetd services.
inetconv – command which will be used to convert inetd services to SMF.

The inetd daemon is a special network process that runs on each system and starts server processes that do not automatically start at boot time.


Network services can be independently enabled or disabled using the inetadm command.
inetadm    ==> to list the current state of all network facilities

Consider starting and stopping the telnet service using inetadm command like,

inetadm | grep telnet        ==> to view if telnet is enabled or not

inetadm -d telnet        ==> to disable the telnet facility
inetadm | grep telnet

inetadm -e telnet        ==> to enable the telnet facility
inetadm | grep telnet

inetadm -l telnet        ==> to list the details about telnet


These services managed by inetadm can be converted to SMF services using inetconv command. There are three main types of services provided by SMF.Transient, Wait and Contract services. Transient services are often con_guration services requiring no long-running process. Wait services run for the lifetime of the child process and are restarted when the process exits. Contract services are the standard system daemons and require processes which run forever once started. The death of all processes in a contract service is considered a service error which will cause the service to restart.

More to Come , happy learning
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Wednesday, January 22, 2014

Solaris Directory Structure

The Solaris directory structure is similar like linux but with a little changes






















There are couple of directories which are not available in linux

 /kernel -Contains kernel components common to all platforms within a particular instruction set that are needed for booting the system.

/platform –Contains platform definition files.
 /proc – Process Information  , Even though this is available in linux too  , the basics of this location is different in Solaris when compared with linux

/proc contains information on the current system configuration and process along with _les you can alter to update kernel variables and process information. Besides a new location called /platform which contain platform speci_c information and applications

/vol – Disk volumes mounted under this directory.

/var – variable files where the Content of the files that are expected to grow can be found under this directory like system log files (/var/log); packages and database files (/var/lib); emails (/var/mail); print queues (/var/spool); temp files needed across reboots (/var/tmp).


More to Come , Happy Learning


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Friday, January 17, 2014

One liners for Every Day Usage

sed -i '/^$/d' filename : Remove Duplicate Lines.
sed -i '/hello/d' filename: Remove the Line that has hello and modify the file.
cat filename | tr "," "\n" : Arrange comma (,) separated Strings one by one 
cat filename | tr -s '\n' : Remove the Blank Lines.
find . -type f -newermt '2010-01-01' : Compare to Date.
find . -type f -newermt '2010-01-01' ! -newermt '2010-06-01’: Between Dates.
awk -F':' '{printf "%-16s %-16s\n",$1,$2}' filename: Pretty printing.
sed -n 's:.*<id>\(.*\)</id>.*:\1:p' filename :Extract the content between the <id> elements.
sed -i '/^\(report\|-t\(h\|o\)\)/!d' filename :Remove all lines that dont start with string report.
awk -F"-" '{$NF = ""; print}' OFS="" filename : Remove the last character after ‘-‘ .
awk '{print FNR "\t" $0}' filename : Line Number Much like nl command.
awk '{print (NF? ++a ":" :"") $0}' filename : Line Number Much like nl command with no blank lines
awk 'END{print NR}' : Count Lines.
awk '/hello/{n++}; END {print n+0}' filename: Count lines with hello string.
awk '{ print NF ":" $0 } ' filename : Number of Fields in Each Line
awk '{ print $NF }'  : Print the last field of each line
awk '{ field = $NF }; END{ print field }' :  Print the last field of the last line
awk 'NF > 4' : print every line with more than 4 fields
awk '$NF > 4' : print every line where the value of the last field is > 4
awk '{sub(/^[ \t]+/, "")};1' filename : delete leading whitespace (spaces, tabs) from front of each line
awk '{$1=$1};1' filename
awk '{ print NR, $0 }' filename: add number to the lines in file
list -i RIM -e dev | awk '{print $1}' | awk -F"-" '{$NF = ""; print}' OFS="" : remove the first and last lines in output
cat filename | awk -F, '{print NF}' : When Comma is the Separator
cat /etc/hosts | awk '/localhost/ { print $1;}'
echo "test1:test2:test3" | awk 'BEGIN { FS = ":"} { print $2 }': with Field Seperator
awk '{print NR, $0}' test.txt : content of File with line number
awk '/PATTERN/{num++} END{ print num }' file.txt : count the number of lines that contain a pattern
nmap -p <Port No> <Remote Machine>: Hit a port on remote machine
egrep '(string1|string2|stringN)' file.txt : Print lines which contain string1 or string2
sed 's/.$//' or sed 's/^M$//' or sed 's/\x0D$//' : converts a dos file into unix mode.
sed "s/$/`echo -e \\\r`/" or sed 's/$/\r/' or sed "s/$//": converts a unix newline into a DOS newline.
sed 's/^[ \t]*//;s/[ \t]*$//' : Delete both leading and trailing white space and tab in a file.
awk '/CP-A/ { n++ }; END { print n+0 }' fileName : print the total number of lines containing the word pattern.
seq ‘/pattern1/,/pattern2/d’ < inputfile > outfile : will delete all the lines between pattern1 and pattern2.
sed ‘/20,30/d’ < inputfile > outfile : will delete all lines between 20 and 30.   OR sed ‘/20,30/d’ < input > output will delete lines between 20 and 30.
awk '/baz/ { gsub(/foo/, "bar") }; { print }' : Substitute foo with bar in lines that contains ‘baz’.
awk '!/baz/ { gsub(/foo/, "bar") }; { print }' : Substitute foo with bar in lines that does not contain ‘baz’.
awk '$5 == "abc123"' : print each line where the 5th field is equal to ‘abc123’.
awk '$5 != "abc123"' : print each line where 5th field is NOT equal to abc123. 
Compare to file:
find . -newer foo.txt
find . ! -newer foo.txt 
awk String comparison:
ll | awk '$9 == "two" {print $3"="$9}'
ll | awk '$7 >20 {print $9}' 
Find Jar files for class:
find . -name '*.jar' -print0 |  xargs -0 -I '{}' sh -c 'jar tf {} | grep hello.class &&  echo {}' 
find $PWD -type f -name "*Jul-*.ESS-A1.log" -exec rm -f {} \; : Find and Remove Files Matching a pattern 
find $PWD –type f –name “controllermessages.log.” | xargs tar zcvf one.tar : Find and Zip files matching a Pattern 
find . -name "*.jar" | xargs -tn1 jar tvf | grep --color "log4j.xml" : Search The File From Multiple Jar Files 
Count Threads OF a JVM Process : ps uH p | wc –l
Find how many files and application is using : lsof +c 0 | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq –c
Find and Kill a Process: Ps ux | grep | grep –v grep | awk ‘{print $2}’ | xargs –r kill -9
Kill a Process on the Port : kill -9 `lsof -t -i :port_number`
Find The Command Line Of the Process Using Specific Port : cat /proc/$(lsof -ti:631)/cmdline
Find out what is listening on a series of ports : /sbin/fuser -n tcp {7000..8000}
Get the 10 Biggest Files : du -sh * | sort -n | tail
Convert Of Bytes to Mbs : units --terse "3415014314 bytes" "MB"
SSh and Execute a Command: ssh root@<Remote Machine> -q 'echo $MYDIR’
Find out which process is using up your memory using ps, awk, sort : ps aux | awk '{if ($5 != 0 ) print $2,$5,$6,$11}' | sort -k2n
Find The Command Line Of the Process Using Specific Port : cat /proc/$(lsof -ti:631)/cmdline
Ping a Host Using Specific Interface ( Or can check Internet Connection for an Interface) : ping -I eth0 www.yahoo.com 
Scp To transfer a File:
Scp /root/file1 root@10.5.11.193:.
‘.’ Says to the root folder. You can use /tmp or any thing to copy to a specific location 
Highest CPU: ps -eo pcpu,pid,user,args | sort -k 1 -r | head -10 | awk "{ print $2 }"
Memory Usage: sar -q 1 | tail -1 | awk '{ print "" $3}' | sed 's/%//g'
Finding the CPU Threshold : top -b -n 1 | awk -F'[:,]' '/^Cpu/{sub("\\..*","",$2); print $2}'
Top 10 Process : ps -efF "%x %p %P %U %u %y %a" | sort -r | head
List Process By memory usage :ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS
Who Started this process: ps -o comm= -p $(ps -o ppid= -p 28453)
How Much Ram Is Being Used : ps -o rss -C java | tail -n +2 | (sed 's/^/x+=/'; echo x) | bc
Find When a Process Was Started : ps -o lstart <PID>
Find the Class File in jars: find . -name "*.jar" | while read line; do unzip -l $line; done | grep <Name>
Using Find to Get Directories: find .  -path "*<DIR Name>" –print
Find Using Regex to find class and java files available :find . -regex ".*\(\.class\|\.java\)$"
Top 20 File handling process:
for x in `ps -eF| awk '{ print $2 }'`;do echo `ls /proc/$x/fd 2> /dev/null | wc -l` $x `cat /proc/$x/cmdline 2> /dev/null`;done | sort -n -r | head -n 20 
lsof -n -p <PID> | awk '$4 != "mem" {print}' : memory mapped File x
grep multiple Strings: grep 'ListenAddress\|port\|clusters\|server_cluster'
query by version and release : rpm -q --queryformat '\n%{NAME} %{VERSION} %{RELEASE} %{ARCH}\n' <package Name>
CPU / Memory Metrics : sar -urWqR 1
Multi CPU Metrics : sar -x SELF -I SUM -P ALL -wu 1
Disk Metrics : iostat -d -x 1 2
Network Metrics : netstat –s or sar -n DEV -n EDEV 1
Processes Metrics : ps -eo
Find and grep : find . -type f -exec grep -l java.lang.OutOfMemoryError {} \;
Who is using Port :
/sbin/fuser 10011/tcp
or
lsof -i tcp:10012
Hit a URL : curl -sL -w "%{http_code}\\n" "http://vx111a:10011/wls_monitor/" -o /dev/null
Show connections based on the host and the port using @host:port :
lsof -i@192.168.1.5:22
lsof -i@eth0.omhq111a.nova.com
Threads in a Process : ps -eLo pid,ppid,tid,pcpu,comm | grep PID
Differences between 2 files in remote hosts:
diff <(ssh alice cat /etc/apt/sources.list) <(ssh bob cat /etc/apt/sources.list)
Find all files Older than 2 days and gzip them:
find $PWD -type f -mtime +2 | xargs gzip
Find and Gzip:
find $PWD –type f –name “*.log” | xargs tar zcvf one.tar
How to list all unique ip address currently connected to a specific port:
ss -o state established '( dport = :10012 )'|awk -F"[\t :]+" 'NR!=1{ ip[$5]+=1 } END{ for (i in ip){n++};print n }'
All process Running as a Specific User:
pgrep -l -f -x -u root
List all the Jars loaded by a Process:
lsof -p PID | grep jar
Return Number of kernel Threads Owned by a process:
ps -o thcount –p PID
Show Ports that belong to this PID:
netstat --all --program | grep PID
Drop all the Connections available now for a Port:
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -dport 80 -j DROP
SSh and Execute a Command:
ssh root@ -q 'echo $MYDIR’
Find out what is listening on a series of ports:
/sbin/fuser -n tcp {7000..8000}
View details of network activity between:
lsof -i :7000-8000
List all files opened by a particular command:
lsof -c java
List Threads By PID along with Thread Start Time:
ps -o lwp,lstart --pid PID
Extract files from war/Ear:
jar xf abc.war log4j-test.xml WEB-INF/
All Connections from a Specific process:
lsof -p PID -a –i
show the number of connections active to a port and also the number of connections from that ip in order:
netstat -ntu | awk '{print $5}' | cut -d: -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort –n
determine which application is utilizing a certain port? :
lsof -w -n -i tcp:80 ( or any Othe Port)
Owner of the File:
/sbin/fuser admin.lok
List of Files That Are Open For Writing to Disk:
lsof | grep -e "[[:digit:]]\+w"
See which Process is Holding the File:
lsof -r1 /common/jboss.log
List the files accessed by a program:
strace -f -o foo.trace su user -c 'mycommand'?
Environment Variables belong to a Process:
ps ewwo command PID | tr ' ' '\n' | grep \=
List Threads by Pid along with Thread Start Time:
ps -o pid,lwp,lstart --pid PID -L
CPU usage for EACH cores:
ps ax -L -o pid,tid,psr,pcpu,args | sort -nr -k4| head -15 | cut -c 1-90
Largest File Or Directory:du -sk /var/log/* | sort -r -n | head -10
sed -e '1d;n;d' file : Remove every Second Line
sed '$d' : Remove the last Line  
Remove Even Number lines (2,4..) : sed -n '1~2p' file
Remove Odd Number Lines (1,3..) : sed -n '2~2p' file
Remove lines which contain more than 3 char in the second column : awk -F, 'length($2)<=3'
Delete line containing specific number of char (ex:5) : awk 'length<=5' file
List all lines which contain more than 1 Capitalized Character : grep -o '\b[[:alpha:]]*[[:upper:]][[:alpha:]]*[[:upper:]][[:alpha:]]*' file
Remove Lines which start with Capital Words : sed -r 's/\b[A-Z](\w*)\b//g' file
Print Words that Start with Vowels :  sed -r 's/\b[^AEIOUaeiou]\w*//g'  file
Files not being Accessed : find  -mtime +7 -type f   -exec sh -c '/sbin/fuser {} >/dev/null 2>&1 || echo {}' ';'
Run a Command and Display yes or No : status=`jinfo -sysprops $id 2>&1 | grep nodeName 2>&1 >/dev/null  && echo "yes" || echo "no"`
Clean the PID returned by Pgrep Command : id=`echo "$Pid" | grep -v  "^$$"`
/usr/bin/ssh -o "StrictHostKeyChecking no" -n  userName@Virtuals 'cat | bash /dev/stdin' $hello < ./appVal.sh : Run a Script on the Remove Machine by passing an argument $hello
tail Multiple Log Files same Time : tail -f /var/log/syslog -f /var/log/auth.log
Remove "" from first and last in Variable : echo $VAR | sed "s/\"//g"
Env to Sed : env | sed -n /"$HOSTNAME"/p
Filter in Vi : 1,$!awk '{print $1}' | sort | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
Save from 6 - 9 to a File : 6,9w >> /tmp/newfile
Comment from Line 5-10: 5,10s/^/#/g
Comment all Lines : %s/^/#/g
External Connections made : lsof -n -i  | grep ESTABLISHED
External Connections : lsof -iUDP -P -n | egrep -v '(127|::1)'
10Mb of File : dd if=/dev/zero of=C:/temp/testfiles/10MB.testfile bs=1024 count=12400
Sub String with awk : echo "12345678" | awk '{print substr($0, 3, 2);}'
Which User is using the Port : /sbin/fuser -nu tcp 10001
list and kill any processes currently using /mount : fuser -vmk /mount
How do I monitor opened files of a process in realtime?: strace -e trace=open,close,read,write,connect,accept start.sh AS-A2
All Ports : lsof -iUDP -P -n | egrep -v '(127|::1)'
Command Line arg of the Process : tr '\0' '\n' </proc/1234/cmdline
cut -d: -f1,2,7 passwd : print 1,2and 7 Fields
cut -d: -f5-8 passwd  : print Fields between 5 and 8
cut --output-delimiter=, -d: -f1- passwd : Output with a Delimited “,”
cut -c1-25 /etc/motd : print Char 1-25
cut --complement -c10-25 :print every thing leaving 10-25
Break Into Commas: command | paste –sd,
Case-Insensitive Find File Search :find . -print –iname “pattern”
Find and Unzip : find $PWD -name 'one.zip' -print -exec unzip -l {} \;
Exclude svn data : zip -9 -r --exclude=*.svn*  foo.zip [directory-to-compress]
Hit a URL : wget --inet4-only http://vx112:11011/hell.jsp
Remove the first 2 char from  a file : sed 's/^.\{,2\}//' mental1
Push Data to a port on IP address : nc 67.206.9.118 59312 <<< "<dasj>Sending Data By Jagadish."
sort -k  1 -s file : Sort 1 column in a  file with out touching the second column
rpm -q --all –last : Show the rpm installed along with dates
awk '{ print $14,$15 }' /proc/P12363/stat : percentages of CPU utime and stime of each process?
Last reboot : display last reboot time
sed 's/.$//' file : remove last char in the line of a File
Linux Directory Sizes : find . -type d | grep / | du –h
ps auwwx|gawk '!/%MEM/ {print $4,$11}'|sort -nr|head -n20 : Top 20 process by Memory
ps auwwx|gawk '{count[$NF]++}END{for(j in count) print ""count[j]":",j}'|sort -nr|head -n20 : Process with High Thread Count
sed -n '201,300p' file : display lines from 200 to 300
sed -i '/\<jvm\>/ s/$/sun/' file : add sun at the end of the line which has jvm 
find process that are being opened by a user and process ID :
lsof -u <User Name> -ap <PID> : use -a Flag for add
discard ping output :
ping -c 1 $host >/dev/null || { echo " The remote Host is unavailable" ; exit; }  
how many sockets are in each connection state:
netstat -t -n | cut -c 68- | sort | uniq -c | sort -n
      1
      1          State
      4          ESTABLISHED
Getting current TCP connection count on a system:
wc -l /proc/net/tcp
21 /proc/net/tcp

Kill Sockets
By Foreign address
netstat -anp | grep 192.168.0.100 | grep CLOSE_WAIT | awk '{print $7}' | cut -d \/ -f1 | grep -oE "[[:digit:]]{1,}" | xargs kill 
By Port
netstat -anp | grep ':80 ' | grep CLOSE_WAIT | awk '{print $7}' | cut -d \/ -f1 | grep -oE "[[:digit:]]{1,}" | xargs kill
By IP and Port
netstat -anp | grep 192.168.0.100 | grep ':80 ' | grep CLOSE_WAIT | awk '{print $7}' | cut -d \/ -f1 | grep -oE "[[:digit:]]{1,}" | xargs kill
Connect to Process using strace
strace -o pid18354_strace.log -p <PID>
Hit a URL and Get Response
wget --spider -nv -T 5 -t 1 http://host:10011/context
Tar and unzip at same time
tar jxf firefox-bin.tar.bz2
find Parent process ID
ps -l <PID> ( check for the ppid)
View Config Files with out Comments
grep ^[^#] somefile.conf

More to Come , Use these 
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